We concluded that, based on genomic information alone, the two programs are substantially different, reflecting the different evolutionary age and roles of these two genera. We have recently examined the similarity of the clostridia and bacilli sporulation programs using information from sequenced clostridial genomes. Their sporulation/differentiation program is critical for understanding important cellular functions or programs, yet it remains largely unknown. phytofermentans, several ethanologenic, and many solventogenic (butanol, acetone and ethanol) species. These obligate anaerobic, Gram-positive, endospore-forming firmicutes include several major human and animal pathogens, such as C. Downregulation of two of these sigma factors, CAC1766 and CAP0167, affected the developmental process of sporulation and are apparently novel sporulation-related sigma factors.Ĭlostridia are of major importance to human and animal health and physiology, cellulose degradation, bioremediation, and for the production of biofuels and chemicals from renewable resources. All sigma factors of unknown function were investigated by combining transcriptional data with predicted promoter binding motifs and antisense-RNA downregulation to provide a preliminary assessment of their roles in sporulation. The dynamic orchestration of all known sporulation sigma factors was investigated, whereby in addition to their transcriptional profiles, both in terms of intensity and differential expression, their activity was assessed by the average transcriptional patterns of putative canonical genes of their regulon. A significant fraction of the genes displayed temporal expression in six distinct clusters of expression, which were analyzed with assistance from ontological classifications in order to illuminate all known physiological observations and differentiation stages of this industrial organism. Using a sensitive DNA-microarray platform and 25 sampling timepoints, we reveal the genome-scale transcriptional basis of the Clostridium acetobutylicum sporulation program carried deep into stationary phase.

Shape shifter dna activation flac files